South Africa plays a critical yet often overlooked role in global healthcare through its nuclear research capabilities at Pelindaba, a facility responsible for producing a significant share of the world’s medical isotopes.
Located in the North West province near Hartbeespoort, the Pelindaba complex houses the SAFARI-1 research reactor, a cornerstone of the country’s nuclear science programme. Operated by the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), the reactor has become one of the most commercially productive research facilities of its kind.
A vital link in global medical supply chains
SAFARI-1 is a major source of molybdenum-99, a radioisotope used to produce technetium-99m, which is essential for diagnostic imaging procedures worldwide. These scans are widely used in detecting cancer, assessing cardiac conditions, and evaluating organ function.
Through its subsidiary NTP Radioisotopes, South Africa supplies between 20% and 30% of the global demand for molybdenum-99. The facility also produces other isotopes, including iodine-131 and lutetium-177, which are used in both diagnosis and targeted cancer treatment.
Operating for roughly 300 days each year, SAFARI-1 has achieved a level of reliability that places it among the most utilised reactors globally. Its output has become particularly important during outages at other international facilities.
From nuclear weapons to medical innovation
Pelindaba’s history reflects a broader transformation in South Africa’s nuclear policy. During the late 20th century, the site played a role in the country’s uranium enrichment programme, which supported its now-defunct nuclear weapons initiative.
However, following the end of apartheid, South Africa dismantled its nuclear arsenal and signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991. This marked a shift towards peaceful applications of nuclear technology.
In a symbolic transition, some of the enriched uranium once intended for weapons was later repurposed for medical isotope production. This move demonstrated how existing nuclear infrastructure could be redirected to support healthcare.
Since 2009, SAFARI-1 has operated entirely using low-enriched uranium, making it one of the first reactors globally to complete such a conversion for commercial isotope production. This has improved both safety and international compliance.
Looking ahead, the South African government has approved plans for a new multi-purpose research reactor, which will eventually replace SAFARI-1. The new facility is expected to continue isotope production while expanding research capabilities and supporting future technological development.
Despite being situated within a nature reserve, Pelindaba remains one of South Africa’s most significant scientific assets, quietly contributing to life-saving medical procedures across the globe.
Source: Necsa / NTP Radioisotopes
